Semester Offered: Spring 1 unit(s) After a brief overview of Kant’s “critical revolution” and its immediate aftermath, we examine the thought of four major European thinkers: Hegel, Marx, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche. Topics include the problem of alienation in a post-Enlightenment world; historical materialism and the concept of ideology; philosophical pessimism; and whether art can fill the spiritual void left by the collapse of traditional religion. Christopher Raymond.